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1 I am in Christ, and what I say is true. I'm not lying! My conscience and the Holy Spirit confirm 2 how terribly sad I am, how I have never-ending pain in my heart, 3 for my own people, my brothers and sisters. I would rather be cursed myself, separated from Christ, if that would help them. 4 They are my fellow-Israelites, God's chosen people. God revealed to them his glory and made agreements* Literally, “covenants.” with them, giving them the law, true worship, and his promises. 5 They are our forefathers—ancestors of Christ, humanly-speaking, the one who rules over everything, the eternally-blessed God. Amen.
6 It's not that God's promise has failed. For not every Israelite is a true Israelite, 7 and all those who are descended from Abraham are not his true children. For Scripture says, “Your descendants will be counted through Isaac,”† Quoting Genesis 21:12. 8 so it's not Abraham's actual children who are counted as God's children, but only those children of God's promise who are considered his true descendants.
9 This is what the promise was: “I will return next year and Sarah will have a son.”‡ Quoting Genesis 18:10-14. 10 In addition Rebecca's twin sons had the same father, our forefather Isaac. 11 But even before the children were born, and before they'd done anything right or wrong, (so that God's purpose could continue, proving God's calling of people is not based on human performance), 12 she was told, “The older brother will serve the younger one.”§ Quoting Genesis 25:23. 13 As Scripture says, “I chose Jacob, but rejected Esau.”* Quoting Malachi 1:2-3.
14 So what should we conclude? That God was unjust? Certainly not! 15 As he said to Moses, “I will be merciful to whoever I should show mercy, and I will have compassion on whoever I should show compassion.”† Quoting Exodus 33:19. 16 So it does not depend on what we want, or our own efforts, but the merciful nature of God. 17 Scripture records God saying to Pharaoh: “I put you here for a reason—so that through you I could demonstrate my power, and so that my name could be made known throughout the earth.”‡ Quoting Exodus 9:16. 18 So God is merciful to those he wishes to be, and hardens the attitude of those he wants to.§ In the Old Testament, this expression is used to describe obstinate rejection of God, such as the experience of the Pharaoh of the Exodus. In Exodus 9 Pharaoh is variously described as choosing a stubborn attitude, or that God gave him a stubborn attitude, or in the passive that he had a stubborn attitude. So this verse in Romans should not be taken to mean that God deliberately hardens people's attitudes and then punishes them for it. The stubborn attitude is a rejection of divine grace. 19 Now you'll argue with me and ask, “So why does he still blame us then? Who can resist the will of God?”* Quoting Isaiah 29:16; Isaiah 45:9. 20 That's no way to speak, for who are you—a mere mortal—to contradict God? Can something that is created say to its creator, “Why did you make me like this?” 21 Doesn't a potter have the right to use the same batch of clay to make both a decorative bowl and an everyday pot?† Literally, “pots of value and dishonor.”
22 It's as if God, wanting to demonstrate his opposition to sin‡ Literally, “show anger.” and to reveal his power, bears patiently with these “pots destined for destruction,” 23 so that he might reveal the greatness of his glory through these “pots of mercy” which he has prepared in advance for glory. 24 This is who we are—people he has called, not just from among the Jews, but from among the foreigners too...
25 As God said in the book of Hosea, “Those who are not my people I will call my people, and those who are not loved I will call the ones I love,”§ Quoting Hosea 2:23. 26 and, “It will happen that at the place where they were told, ‘You're not my people,’ there they will be called the children of the living God.”* Quoting Hosea 1:10.
27 Isaiah cries out regarding Israel: “Even if the children of Israel have become as numerous as the sands of the sea, only a small number† Literally, “remnant.” will be saved. 28 For the Lord is going to quickly and completely finish his work of judgment on the earth.”‡ Quoting Isaiah 10:22-23. 29 As Isaiah previously said, “If the Lord Almighty had not left us some descendants, we would have become just like Sodom and Gomorrah.”§ Quoting Isaiah 1:9.
30 What shall we conclude, then? That even though the foreigners were not even looking to do right, they did grasp what is right, and through their trust in God did what was morally right. 31 But the people of Israel, who looked to the law to make them right with God, never succeeded. 32 Why not? Because they relied on what they did rather than trusting in God. They tripped on the stumbling-block, 33 just as Scripture predicted: “Look, I'm placing in Zion a stumbling-block, a rock that will offend people. But those who trust in him won't be disappointed.”* Combining Isaiah 28:16 and Isaiah 8:14.

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*9:4 Literally, “covenants.”

†9:7 Quoting Genesis 21:12.

‡9:9 Quoting Genesis 18:10-14.

§9:12 Quoting Genesis 25:23.

*9:13 Quoting Malachi 1:2-3.

†9:15 Quoting Exodus 33:19.

‡9:17 Quoting Exodus 9:16.

§9:18 In the Old Testament, this expression is used to describe obstinate rejection of God, such as the experience of the Pharaoh of the Exodus. In Exodus 9 Pharaoh is variously described as choosing a stubborn attitude, or that God gave him a stubborn attitude, or in the passive that he had a stubborn attitude. So this verse in Romans should not be taken to mean that God deliberately hardens people's attitudes and then punishes them for it. The stubborn attitude is a rejection of divine grace.

*9:19 Quoting Isaiah 29:16; Isaiah 45:9.

†9:21 Literally, “pots of value and dishonor.”

‡9:22 Literally, “show anger.”

§9:25 Quoting Hosea 2:23.

*9:26 Quoting Hosea 1:10.

†9:27 Literally, “remnant.”

‡9:28 Quoting Isaiah 10:22-23.

§9:29 Quoting Isaiah 1:9.

*9:33 Combining Isaiah 28:16 and Isaiah 8:14.

© 2018 Dr. Jonathan Gallagher